Lines Of Latitude North America

Circle of latitude

The 49th parallel north is a circumvolve of latitude that is 49° north of Globe's equator. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Due north America, and the Atlantic Body of water.

The urban center of Paris is about 15 km (9 mi) due south of the 49th parallel and is the largest city between the 48th and 49th parallels. Its primary airport, Charles de Gaulle Airport, lies on the parallel.

Roughly ii,030 kilometres (one,260 mi)^[one] of the Canada–Usa edge was designated to follow the 49th parallel from British Columbia to Manitoba on the Canada side, and from Washington to Minnesota on the U.S. side, more specifically from the Strait of Georgia to the Lake of the Wood. This international border was specified in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 and the Oregon Treaty of 1846, though survey markers placed in the 19th century cause the border to deviate from the 49th parallel by up to tens of meters.

From a point on the footing at this breadth, the sun is above the horizon for sixteen hours, 12 minutes during the summer solstice and 8 hours, fourteen minutes during the winter solstice.^[2] This latitude as well roughly corresponds to the minimum breadth in which astronomical twilight can last all night near the summertime solstice. Slightly less than 1/8 of the Earth'south surface is north of the 49th parallel.

Effectually the earth [edit]

European countries entirely north of 49° North

Starting at the Prime number Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 49° north passes through:

Monuments on the parallel [edit]

In Northward America, the westernmost monument on the 49th parallel is the Point Roberts Boundary Monument nigh the corner of Marine Drive and Roosevelt Way in the Point Roberts, Washington exclave south of Delta, British Columbia.
The Peace Arch is a large monument betwixt Surrey, British Columbia, and Blaine, Washington. It is the centerpiece of Peace Curvation Park.
Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park in Alberta and Montana
The International Peace Garden is located at the border between Manitoba and Due north Dakota, about midway between the nearby communities of Boissevain, Manitoba and Dunseith, North Dakota. Until its demolition in 2017, the Peace Tower stood at the focal bespeak of the garden, on the border. As of 2018, a new tower is slated to be constructed on the spot.^[three]
The Stadtgarten in Karlsruhe, Germany, marks the 49th parallel with a stone and painted line.
Monument in the northern part of boondocks centre, Prešov, Slovakia.

49th parallel due north in Karlsruhe
49th parallel north in Karlsruhe
Monument marking the 49th parallel in Prešov

Canada–U.s. edge [edit]

49th parallel at Waterton Lake, showing the cleared strip of land along the U.S./Canada border

History [edit]

In 1714, the Hudson's Bay Visitor proposed the 49th parallel as the western portion of the boundary betwixt the visitor's state and French territory. At the time, Britain and France had agreed, in the Peace of Utrecht, to negotiate a boundary, just negotiations ultimately failed.^[iv]

Following the Louisiana Purchase by the United states in 1803, it was by and large agreed that the boundary betwixt the new territory and British North America was forth the watershed betwixt the Missouri River and Mississippi River basins on ane side and the Hudson Bay basin on the other. However, it is often difficult to precisely determine the location of a watershed in a region of level plains, such as in central North America. The British and American committees that met after the War of 1812 to resolve boundary disputes recognized there would be much animosity in surveying the watershed boundary, and agreed on a simpler edge solution in the Treaty of 1818: the 49th parallel. Both sides gained and lost some territory by this convention, but the United States gained more it lost, in particular securing title to the Cherry River Basin. This treaty established the boundary only betwixt the line of longitude of the northwesternmost point of Lake of the Forest, on the due east, and the Rocky Mountains, on the due west. West of the Rockies, the treaty established joint occupation of the Oregon Country by both parties; east of Lake of the Woods, the boundary established in the Treaty of Paris would be retained.

Although the Convention of 1818 settled the boundary, neither country was immediately able to command over the territories on its side of the line; effective control nonetheless rested with local Commencement Nations peoples, mainly the Métis, Assiniboine, Lakota, and Blackfoot. Their ability was gradually ceded by conquest and treaty during the several decades that followed. Amid these peoples, the 49th parallel was nicknamed the Medicine Line considering of its seemingly magical power to forbid U.S. soldiers from crossing it.^[5]

In the 1844 U.Southward. presidential election, the Democratic Party asserted that the northern border of the Oregon Territory should be 54°40′, after reflected in the 1846 slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" However, the Oregon boundary dispute was settled diplomatically in the 1846 Oregon Treaty. This agreement divided the Oregon Country between British North America and the United states by extending the 49th parallel boundary to the west declension, catastrophe in the Strait of Georgia; it and then circumvents Vancouver Island through Boundary Pass, Haro Strait, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. This had the side consequence of isolating Point Roberts, Washington.

As edge [edit]

Although parts of Vancouver Isle and parts of Eastern Canada are due south of the 49th parallel, and parts of the United States (Alaska, Northwest Angle) are north of information technology, the term 49th parallel is sometimes used metonymically to refer to the entire Canada-U.S. edge. Actually, many of Canada's most populated regions (and nearly 72% of the population) are s of the 49th parallel, including the two largest cities Toronto (43°42′ north) and Montreal (45°30′ north). The federal uppercase Ottawa (45°25′ north), and the provincial capital of seven provinces (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and British Columbia) are south of the 49th parallel. Three provinces, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Isle, and Nova Scotia, are each entirely south of the parallel, merely the vast majority of Canadian territory lies north of it.

Parts of the 49th parallel were originally surveyed using astronomical techniques that did not accept into account slight departures of the World's shape from a uncomplicated ellipsoid, or the deflection of the plumb-bob past differences in terrestrial mass. The surveys were subject to the limitations of early to mid-19th century technology, but accurate results were obtained. However, in some places the surveyed 49th parallel is several hundred feet from the geographical 49th parallel for the currently adopted datum, the Due north American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). The Digital Chart of the World (DCW), which uses the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, reports the edge on average at latitude 48° 59′ 51″ north, roughly 270 metres (886 ft) southward of the modern 49th parallel. It ranges between 48° 59′ 25″ and 49° 0′ 10″ n, 810 metres (2,657 ft) and 590 metres (1,936 ft) on either side of the average. In any case, the Earth's North Pole moves around slightly, notionally moving the 49th and other parallels with information technology; see polar move.

The Northwest Angle is the but part of the contiguous 48 states that goes north of the 49th parallel. The Treaty of Paris chosen for the purlieus between the United states of america and British territory to laissez passer through the nearly northwesterly betoken of Lake of the Forest, and this was retained even later on an 1818 treaty gear up the boundary west of that point to follow the 49th parallel.

At the time that the United States and United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland agreed on the 49th parallel as the purlieus, much of the North American continent had not still been mapped. After the boundary was established, British surveyors discovered that Point Roberts lay south of the 49th parallel. The British requested that the Usa cede the territory to Not bad United kingdom, but no action was ever taken.

In 1909 the Us, Uk, and Canada signed and ratified a treaty confirming the original survey lines equally the official and permanent international edge. Nevertheless, in 2002 the difference of the survey from the geographical 49th parallel was argued in forepart of the Washington Supreme Courtroom in the case of State of Washington v. Norman,^[six] nether the premise that Washington did not properly incorporate the portions of country northward of the geographical 49th parallel, as laid out by detailed GPS surveying. The court decided against the premise, ruling that the internationally surveyed purlieus also served as the state boundary, regardless of its actual position.

Ordnance Survey of U.k. [edit]

The British national grid reference system uses the point 49° N, 2° Westward as its truthful origin. 49°00′00″N 2°00′00″W / 49.0000°Due north 2.0000°W / 49.0000; -two.0000 ^[7]

Run across also [edit]

48th parallel north
50th parallel north
Purlieus Lake (Manitoba/North Dakota)
Northwest Angle (northern Lake of the Wood Canton)
Oregon purlieus dispute
Squealer War, 1859
State of war of 1812
Weißwurstäquator

References [edit]

^ Jacobs, Frank (28 Nov 2011), "The Not-And so-Direct Story of the U.South.-Canadian Border", New York Times , retrieved 13 May 2020
^ "Duration of Daylight/Darkness Table for One Year". U.S. Naval Observatory. 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 Oct 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
^ Dobbie, Dorothy (xviii March 2018). "International Peace Garden to Gloat Its 85th Altogether". Retrieved 14 May 2019.
^ Lass, William E. (1980). Minnesota's Boundary with Canada: Its Evolution Since 1783. Minnesota Historical Club. p. 28. ISBN978-0-87351-153-7.
^ O'Brien, Sharon (1984). "The medicine line: A edge dividing tribal sovereignty, economies and families". Fordham Constabulary Review. 53 (2): 315–350. Retrieved nine July 2019.
^ State 5. Norman 145 Wn.2d 578 (2002)
^ "The true origin". Welcome to Os Net. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. 4 September 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 13 Baronial 2009.